The Tariff of Abominations of 1828

The Tariff of Abominations was the name outraged southerners gave to a tariff passed in 1828. Residents of the  South believed the tax on imports was excessive and unfairly targeted their region of the country. The tariff, which became law in the spring of 1828, set very high duties on goods imported into the United State. And by doing so it did create major economic problems for the South.  As the South was not a manufacturing center, it had to either import finished goods from Europe (primarily Britain) or buy goods made in the North. Adding insult to injury, the law had obviously been devised to protect manufacturers in the Northeast. With a protective tariff essentially creating artificially high prices, the consumers in the South found themselves at a severe disadvantage when buying products from either Northern or foreign manufacturers. The 1828 tariff created a further problem for the South, as it reduced business with England. And that, in turn, made it more difficult for the English to afford cotton grown in the American South. Intense feeling about the Tariff of Abominations prompted John C. Calhoun to anonymously write essays setting forth his theory of nullification, in which  he forcefully advocated that states could ignore federal laws. Calhouns protest against the federal government eventually led to the Nullification Crisis. Background of the 1828 Tariff The Tariff of 1828 was one of a series of protective tariffs passed in America. After the War of 1812, when English manufacturers began to flood the American market with cheap goods that undercut and threatened new American industry, the U.S. Congress responded by setting a tariff in 1816. Another tariff was passed in 1824. Those tariffs were designed to be protective, meaning they were intended to drive up the price of imported goods and thereby protect American factories from British competition. And they became unpopular in some quarters because the tariffs were always promoted originally as being temporary measures. Yet, as new industries emerged, new tariffs always seemed necessary to protect them from foreign competition. The 1828 tariff actually came into being as part of a complicated political strategy designed to cause problems for President John Quincy Adams. Supporters of Andrew Jackson hated Adams following his election in the Corrupt Bargain election of 1824. The Jackson people drew up legislation with very high tariffs on imports necessary to both the North and South, on the assumption that the bill would not pass. And the president, it was assumed, would be blamed for the failure to pass the tariff bill. And that would cost him among his supporters in the Northeast. The strategy backfired when the tariff bill passed in Congress on May 11, 1828. President John Quincy Adams signed it into law. Adams believed the tariff was a good idea and signed it though he realized it could hurt him politically in the upcoming election of 1828. The new tariff imposed high import duties on iron, molasses, distilled spirits, flax, and various finished goods. The law was instantly unpopular, with people in different regions disliking parts of it, but the opposition was greatest in the South. John C. Calhouns Opposition to the Tariff of Abominations The intense southern opposition to the 1828 tariff was led by John C. Calhoun, a dominating political figure from South Carolina. Calhoun had grown up on the frontier of the late 1700s, yet he had been educated at Yale College in Connecticut and also received legal training in New England. In national politics, Calhoun had emerged, by the mid-1820s, as an eloquent and dedicated advocate for the South (and also for the institution of slavery, upon which the economy of the South depended). Calhouns plans to run for president had been thwarted by lack of support in 1824, and he wound up running for vice president with John Quincy Adams. So in 1828, Calhoun was actually the vice president of the man who signed the hated tariff into law. Calhoun Published a Strong Protest Against the Tariff In late 1828 Calhoun wrote an essay titled South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which was anonymously published. In his essay Calhoun criticized the concept of a protective tariff, arguing that tariffs should only be used to raise revenue, not to artificially boost business in certain regions of the nation. And Calhoun called South Carolinians serfs of the system, detailing how they were forced to pay higher prices for necessities. Calhouns essay was presented to the state legislature of South Carolina on December 19, 1828. Despite public outrage over the tariff, and Calhouns forceful denunciation of it, the state legislature took no action over the tariff. Calhouns authorship of the essay was kept secret, though he made his view public during the Nullification Crisis, which erupted when the issue of tariffs rose to prominence in the early 1830s. The Significance of the Tariff of Abominations The Tariff of Abominations did not lead to any extreme action (such as secession) by the state of South Carolina. The 1828 tariff greatly increased resentment toward the North, a feeling which persisted for decades and helped to lead the nation toward the Civil War.

The Accomplishments Of The Presidents - 1145 Words

Jackie Nguyen Deirdre O’Shea AMH 2010 3 October 2014 Historical Essay Three The presidents has always played a crucial role in American politics and are known for their roles in unifying the nation. They are glorified for their charisma and ability to lead, but even these brilliant men have lapses in their judgement. Andrew Jackson, who was president from 1829-1837, was a president of many firsts as he was the first frontier president, first to have a â€Å"kitchen cabinet†, and first to use a pocket veto. Jackson was later succeeded by his vice president, Martin Van Buren. Van Buren, who was in office from 1837-1841, was known for his shrewd political skills. Both these men laid down the foundations for a stronger, more centralized national government with methods that garnered mixed responses. Andrew Jackson was a war hero turned president, but his battle did not end with his election. One of the main problems Jackson faced was economic. South Carolinian planters saw that the protective tariff that was passed by congress in 18 24 as oppressive as most of the revenue made from it was invested in the northeast’s manufacturing industry. They were more infuriated when the tariff was raised in the summer of 1828. The South Carolinians saw the taxes as â€Å"blatantly unconstitutional, exceeding Congress’s powers to raise necessary revenues and oppressing one section of the country while enriching others† (Wilentz 63). A document known as the South Carolina Exposition and Protest wasShow MoreRelatedPresident Lincoln s Accomplishments And His Success1517 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Lincoln embarked a very challenging presidency from the very beginning, when he set out to lead a country facing a crisis so immense, that its very existence was threatened. 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Communications and Remote Sensing Lab †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communications and Remote Sensing Lab. Answer: Introduction: The common pilot channel, CPICH, is used in the transmission of the carrier responsible for estimating the channel parameters. It acts as a physical reference for the other channels in the wideband CDMA system. Some of its roles include, controlling power, ensuring transmission and coherent detection, performs channel estimates, measurement of adjacent cells and obtaining the scrambling code. Most sections are developing and building and other tall structures come up all the time. A lot of interference is experienced with regards to the telecommunication networks. In practice, when the telecommunication engineers and designer set up antennae to serve a given range. Several reports have shown that the UMTS or the commonly known, 3G coverage is more interference tolerant as compared to the GSM technology implementations[3]. The antenna may be transmitting signals at ta very high-power level but still the communication could be affected and as a result there is reduction in transmission rate. There has been a great evolution in the mobile communication standards as defined by the third-generation partnership project, 3GPP. The wideband CDMA is an ultra-terrestrial radio access technology or standard that incorporates both the FDD and the TDD operations. The evolution is usually based on the improvement of the data transmission rates for both the uplink and the downlink. There has been a tremendous increase in the number of subscribers locked in WCDMA over the last decade. Multiple users are able to send signals to the node B or the Base Station subsystem and the base propels different signals to diverse users. The system has different sectors such as the turbo encoder, inter-leaver or de inter-leaver, OVSF code generator, convolutional encoder, cyclic redundancy checker, and the scrambling code[4]. The scrambling code usually make the direct sequence CDMA technique have a higher level of efficacy in a multipath environment. The code tends to reduce the auto-correlation that occurs between different time delayed versions of the spreading code. The reduction is such that the receiver can uniquely decrypt the different paths[1]. These codes separate the users and the base station sectors from each other by allowing them to individually manage the OVSF tree[5]. The management process is done without coordinating amongst themselves. The transmission from different sources are divided by the scrambling codes. The short and long scrambling codes are available[6]. The rake receiver determines if the long scrambling codes are to be used in a given base station. The CPICH uses a length of 256 OVSF code such that during the channelization process, the channels are scrambled with the truncated Gold sequence as shown in the table above. The primary and secondary synchronization channels are added to the output of scrambling. The PSCH and the SSCH are not orthogonal to the other codes in the system. This channel uses the spreading factor of 256 chips per symbol and there are 10 default pilot symbols in a given channel slot. There is a distinct tradeoff in the CDMA network in terms of the coverage and capacity. The tradeoff is attributed to the limited power availability for the users. To detect the scrambling code and signal strength of the pilot CPICH To ascertain the valid channel codes and their respective signal strength To decrypt the traffic channels and read the enclosed message and demonstrate some open-ended investigation. Using the LTE system toolbox in MATLAB R2017a, it was easy to generate the standard output for both the uplink and downlink complex baseband waveforms[7]. The scrambling code was loaded on to the system as shown in the code snippet below. Identifying the scrambled code and the strength of the final CPICH signal. The signal strength is plotted and the code is recovered from the scrambled code. The message from the scrambled code is then recovered as shown in the snippet below. The message was decoded by introducing the AWGN noise as used to recover the message. Conclusion In a nutshell, the paper has sufficiently covered the scrambled codes and their utilization in the pilot channels. It is prudent to conclude that the efficient planning and optimization of mobile networks is paramount in guaranteeing the superior quality of service and user experience[9]. The network operation requires the CDMA network to utilize the scrambling code for the short and long codes in order to enhance optimization. The CDMA networks have operators that can quickly and efficiently utilize their network resources to achieve optimum system capacity. The interference level affects the capacity and the coverage of the cell. Further reduction of the interference results in better communication and transmission rates. References A. Toskala, "Physical Layer," WCDMA for UMTS, 30 August 2002. L. Harte, Introduction to Code Division and Multiple Access (CDMA): Network, services, Technologies, and Operation, Althos Publishing , 2004. H. Holma and T. A, WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2005. G. C. Zhang, Multi-Antenna WCDMA Receiver Design with CORDIC, Singapore: Institute of infocomm Research. L. Vandendorpe, "WCDMA for UMTS," in UCL Communications and Remote Sensing Lab, University Catholique de Louvain. "Qualcomm," [Online]. Available: https://www.qualcomm.com. I. Siomina, "P-CPICH Power and Antenna Tilt Optimization in UMTS Networks," in Advanced Industrial Conference on Telecommunications/ Service Assurance with partial and Intermittent resources conference/E-learning on Telecommunication Workshop, 2005. K. H. Thum, B. S. Yeo, Y. H. Chew and K. W. Ang, "Performance study of the varying parameters on the paging and updating signaling loads in an UMTS-FDD system," in IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2004. A. R. Mishra, "Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimization," 2006.